The following informative notes are intended to assist Buyers, particularly those inexperienced or new to our salerooms. All sales are conducted on our printed Conditions of Sale which are readily available for inspection and normally accompany catalogues. Our staff will be happy to help you if there is anything you do not fully understand.
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As auctioneers we usually contract as agents for the seller whose identity, for reasons of confidentiality, is not normally disclosed. Accordingly if you buy your primary contract is with the seller. Estimates are designed to help buyers gauge what sort of sum might be involved for the purchase of a particular lot. The lower estimate may represent the reserve price and certainly will not be below it. Estimates do not include the Buyer’s Premium or VAT (where chargeable).
Estimates are prepared some time before the sale and may be altered by announcement before the sale. They are in no sense definitive. Buyer's Premium.
The Conditions of Sale oblige buyers to pay a buyer's premium at 21% on the hammer price of each lot purchased. VAT is charged on the premium (see below). (.) indicates that VAT is payable by the purchaser at the standard rate (presently 20%) on the hammer price as well as being an element in the buyer's premium. This imposition of VAT is likely to be because the seller is registered for VAT within the European Union and is not operating the Dealers Margin Scheme or because VAT is due at 20% on importation into the UK. The double symbol (.) indicates that the lot has been imported from outside the European Union and the present position is that these lots are liable to a reduced rate of VAT (5%) on the gross lot price (i.e. Both the hammer price and the buyer's premium).
Lots which appear without either of the above symbols indicate that no VAT is payable on the hammer price. This is because such lots are sold using the Auctioneers' Margin Scheme and it should be noted that the VAT included within the Premium is not recoverable as input tax. We are, primarily, agents for the seller.
We are dependent on information provided by the seller and whilst we may inspect lots and act reasonably in taking a general view about them we are normally unable to carry out a detailed or any examination of lots in order to ascertain their condition in the way in which it would be wise for a buyer to do. Intending buyers have ample opportunity for inspection of goods and, therefore, accept responsibility for inspecting and investigating lots in which they may be interested. Please note carefully the exclusion of liability for the condition of lots contained in the Conditions of Sale. Neither the seller nor we, as the auctioneers, accept any responsibility for their condition. In particular, mechanical objects of any age are not guaranteed to be in working order.
However, in so far as we have examined the goods and make a representation about their condition, we shall be liable for any defect which that examination ought to have revealed to the auctioneer but which would not have been revealed to the buyer had the buyer examined the goods. Additionally, in specified circumstances lots misdescribed because they are 'deliberate forgeries' may be returned and repayment made. There is a 3 week time limit. (The expression 'deliberate forgery' is defined in our Conditions of Sale). Electrical goods (unless they are sold as 'antiques' only) are checked over for compliance with safety regulations by a qualified electrician and are guaranteed up until the Wednesday following the sale.
Export of goods. Buyers intending to export goods should ascertain (a) whether an export licence is required and (b) whether there is any specific prohibition on importing goods of that character because, e.g. They may contain prohibited materials such as ivory. Ask us if you need help. Bidders are required to register before the sale commences and lots will be invoiced to the name and address on the registration form. Some form of identification will be required if you are unknown to us.
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Please enquire in advance about our arrangements for telephone bidding. Commission bidding. Commission bids may be left with the auctioneers indicating the maximum amount to be bid excluding buyers' premium.
They will be executed as cheaply as possible having regard to the reserve (if any) and competing bids. If two buyers submit identical commission bids the auctioneers may prefer the first bid received.
The auctioneers reserve the right to exceed the maximum amount by one bid in order to secure the lot on your behalf. Please enquire in advance about our arrangements for the leaving of commission bids by telephone, email or FAX. Methods of Payment. These are cash, debit or credit card or banker’s draught. Credit cards are subject to 2% surcharge. Collection and storage.
Please note what the Conditions of Sale state about collection and storage. It is important that goods are paid for and collected promptly. Any delay may involve the buyer in paying storage charges. DROIT DE SUITE pleases see point 21 in CONDITIONS OF SALE.
LIVE BIDDING please see point 22 in CONDITIONS OF SALE TERMS OF CONSIGNMENT FOR SELLERS. 1.
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In these Terms the words 'you', 'yours', etc. Refer to the Seller and if the consignment of goods to us is made by an agent we assume that the Seller has authorised the consignment and that the consignor has the Seller's authority to contract. Similarly the words ‘we', 'us', etc. Refer to the Auctioneers.
Commission is charged to sellers at the following rates:- 10% over £1001 and 15% up to £1000. The standard entry fee for illustrated lots is £10, (cover illustration fees will be at auctioneers discretion). Entry fee for lots not illustrated is £1. (Entry fees are charged sold or unsold).
Minimum commission charge is £6 per lot. Collection costs. We have vans available to collect and will be pleased to quote.
Loss and Damage of goods. Loss and Damage – David Duggleby Ltd is not authorised by the FSA to provide insurance to its clients, and does not so do. However David Duggleby Ltd for its own protection, assumes liability for property consigned to it at the lower pre-sale estimate until the hammer falls. To justify accepting liability, David Duggleby Ltd makes a charge of 1% of the hammer price plus VAT.
The liability assumed by David Duggleby Ltd shall be limited to the lower pre-sale estimate, or the hammer price if the lot has sold, or to the reserve if the lot was unsold. (b) If the owner of goods consigned instructs us in writing not to take such action, the goods then remain entirely at the owner’s risk unless and until the property in them passes to the Buyer or they are collected by or on behalf of the owner, and clause 4(a) is inapplicable. The cost of any illustrations is borne by you (see 2.) The copyright in respect of such illustrations shall be the property of us, the auctioneers, as is the text of the catalogue. (a) You are entitled to place prior to the auction a reserve on any lot consigned over the value of £50, being the minimum hammer price at which that lot may be sold. Reserves must be reasonable and we may decline to offer goods which in our opinion would be subject to an unreasonably high reserve (in which case goods carry the storage and insurance charges stipulated in these Terms of Consignment). (b) A reserve once set cannot be changed except with our consent. (c) Where a reserve has been placed only we may bid on your behalf and only up to the reserve (if any) and you may in no circumstances bid personally.
Electrical items. These are subject to detailed statutory safety controls. Where such items are accepted for sale you accept responsibility for the cost of testing by external contractors.
Goods not certified as safe by an electrician (unless antiques) will not be accepted for sale. They must be removed at your expense on your being notified. We reserve the right to dispose of unsafe goods as refuse, at your expense. Soft furnishings.
The sale of soft furnishings is strictly regulated by statute law in the interests of fire safety. Goods found to infringe safety regulations will not be offered and must be removed at your expense. We reserve the right to dispose of unsafe goods as refuse, at your expense. The rights of disposal referred to in clause 8 and 9 are subject to the provisions of The Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977, Schedule 1, a copy of which is available for inspection on request.
9. Please assist us with accurate information as to the provenance etc. Of goods where this is relevant. There is strict liability for the accuracy of descriptions under modern consumer legislation and in some circumstances responsibility lies with sellers if inaccuracies occur. We will assume that you have approved the catalogue description of your lots unless informed to the contrary. Where we are obliged to return the price to the buyer when the lot is a deliberate forgery under Condition 15 of the Conditions of Sale and we have accounted to you for the proceeds of sale you agree to reimburse us the sale proceeds.
The liability to reimburse the sale proceeds shall not arise where you are acting reasonably and honestly and are unaware of the forgery but we are or ought to have been aware of it. Unsold and withdrawn items. If an item is unsold it may with your consent be re-offered at a future sale. Where in our opinion an item is unsaleable you must -collect such items from the saleroom promptly on being so informed. Otherwise, storage charges may be incurred. We reserve the right to charge for storage in these circumstances at a reasonable daily rate. Withdrawn and bought in items.
These are liable to incur a charge of 10% plus VAT on being bought in or withdrawn after being catalogued. Conditions of Sale. You agree that all goods will be sold on our Conditions of Sale. In particular you undertake that you have the right to sell the goods either as owner or agent for the owner. You undertake to compensate us and any buyer or third party for all losses liabilities and expenses incurred in respect of and as a result of any breach of this undertaking.
Authority to deduct commission and expenses and retain premium and interest. (a) You authorise us to deduct commission at the stated rate and all expenses incurred for your account from the hammer price and consent to our right to retain beneficially the premium paid by the buyer in accordance with our Conditions of Sale and any interest earned on the sale proceeds until the date of settlement. (b) You authorise us in our discretion to negotiate a sale by private treaty in the case of lots unsold at auction, in which case the same charges will be payable as if such lots had been sold at auction and so far as appropriate these Terms apply. We disclaim all liability for goods delivered to our saleroom without sufficient sale instructions and reserve the right to make minimum warehousing charge of £1 per lot per day. Unsold lots are subject to the same charges if you do not remove them within a reasonable time of notification. If not removed within three weeks we reserve the right to sell them and defray charges from any net proceeds of sale or at your expense to consign them to the local authority for disposal.
After sale settlement of the net sum due to you normally takes place within 14 days of the sale (by crossed cheque to the seller) unless the buyer has not paid for the goods. In this case no settlement will then be made but we will take your instructions in the light of our Conditions of Sale. You authorise any sums owed by you to us on other transactions to be deducted from the sale proceeds. You must note the liability to reimburse the proceeds of sale to us as under the circumstances provided for in Condition 10 above. You should therefore bear this potential liability in mind before parting with the proceeds of sale until the expiry of 21 days from the date of sale.
CONDITIONS OF SALE David Duggleby Ltd carries on business with bidders, buyers and all those present in the auction room prior to or in connection with a sale on the following General Conditions and on such other terms, conditions and notices as may be referred to herein.
Matsui Ec 1000 User Manual Matsui Ec 1000 User Manual An Overview of Cryptography. Does increased security provide comfort to paranoid people Or does security provide some very basic protections that we are naive to believe that we dont need During this time when the Internet provides essential communication between literally billions of people and is used as a tool for commerce, social interaction, and the exchange of an increasing amount of personal information, security has become a tremendously important issue for every user to deal with. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting health care information.
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Table of Contents. Sunday 17001800 Room. This paper has two major purposes. The first is to define some of the terms and concepts behind basic cryptographic methods, and to offer a way to compare the myriad cryptographic schemes in use today. The second is to provide some real examples of cryptography in use today. See Section A.
4 for some additional commentary on this. DISCLAIMER Several companies, products, and services are mentioned in this tutorial. Such mention is for example purposes only and, unless explicitly stated otherwise, should not be taken as a recommendation or endorsement by the author. Cryptography is the science of secret writing is an ancient art the first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1.
When an Egyptian scribe used non standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. Some experts argue that cryptography appeared spontaneously sometime after writing was invented, with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In data and telecommunications, cryptography is necessary when communicating over any untrusted medium, which includes just about any network, particularly the Internet. There are five primary functions of cryptography today Privacyconfidentiality Ensuring that no one can read the message except the intended receiver. Authentication The process of proving ones identity.
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Integrity Assuring the receiver that the received message has not been altered in any way from the original. Non repudiation A mechanism to prove that the sender really sent this message. Key exchange The method by which crypto keys are shared between sender and receiver. In cryptography, we start with the unencrypted data, referred to as plaintext. Plaintext is encrypted into ciphertext, which will in turn usually be decrypted back into usable plaintext.
The encryption and decryption is based upon the type of cryptography scheme being employed and some form of key. For those who like formulas, this process is sometimes written as. P plaintext, C ciphertext, E the encryption method, D the decryption method, and k the key. In many of the descriptions below, two communicating parties will be referred to as Alice and Bob this is the common nomenclature in the crypto field and literature to make it easier to identify the communicating parties.
If there is a third and fourth party to the communication, they will be referred to as Carol and Dave, respectively. A malicious party is referred to as Mallory, an eavesdropper as Eve, and a trusted third party as Trent. Finally, cryptography is most closely associated with the development and creation of the mathematical algorithms used to encrypt and decrypt messages, whereas cryptanalysis is the science of analyzing and breaking encryption schemes.
Cryptology is the term referring to the broad study of secret writing, and encompasses both cryptography and cryptanalysis. There are several ways of classifying cryptographic algorithms. For purposes of this paper, they will be categorized based on the number of keys that are employed for encryption and decryption, and further defined by their application and use. The three types of algorithms that will be discussed are Figure 1. Secret Key Cryptography SKC Uses a single key for both encryption and decryption also called symmetric encryption. Primarily used for privacy and confidentiality.
Public Key Cryptography PKC Uses one key for encryption and another for decryption also called asymmetric encryption. Primarily used for authentication, non repudiation, and key exchange. Hash Functions Uses a mathematical transformation to irreversibly encrypt information, providing a digital fingerprint.
Primarily used for message integrity. FIGURE 1 Three types of cryptography secret key, public key,and hash function. Secret key cryptography methods employ a single key for both encryption and decryption. As shown in Figure 1. A, the sender uses the key to encrypt the plaintext and sends the ciphertext to the receiver. The receiver applies the same key to decrypt the message and recover the plaintext. Because a single key is used for both functions, secret key cryptography is also called symmetric encryption.
With this form of cryptography, it is obvious that the key must be known to both the sender and the receiver that, in fact, is the secret. The biggest difficulty with this approach, of course, is the distribution of the key more on that later in the discussion of public key cryptography. Secret key cryptography schemes are generally categorized as being either stream ciphers or block ciphers.
Stream ciphers operate on a single bit byte or computer word at a time and implement some form of feedback mechanism so that the key is constantly changing. Stream ciphers come in several flavors but two are worth mentioning here Figure 2. Self synchronizing stream ciphers calculate each bit in the keystream as a function of the previous n bits in the keystream. It is termed self synchronizing because the decryption process can stay synchronized with the encryption process merely by knowing how far into the n bit keystream it is. One problem is error propagation a garbled bit in transmission will result in n garbled bits at the receiving side.
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Synchronous stream ciphers generate the keystream in a fashion independent of the message stream but by using the same keystream generation function at sender and receiver. While stream ciphers do not propagate transmission errors, they are, by their nature, periodic so that the keystream will eventually repeat. A block cipher is so called because the scheme encrypts one block of data at a time using the same key on each block. In general, the same plaintext block will always encrypt to the same ciphertext when using the same key in a block cipher whereas the same plaintext will encrypt to different ciphertext in a stream cipher. The most common construct for block encryption algorithms is the Feistel cipher, named for cryptographer Horst Feistel IBM. As shown in Figure 3, a Feistel cipher combines elements of substitution, permutation transposition, and key expansion these features create a large amount of confusion and diffusion per Claude Shannon in the cipher.
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